Effects of very mild versus overt diabetes on vascular haemodynamics and barrier function in rats

Rats injected i. p. with a single dose of nicotinamide (250 mg/kg) 15 min prior to i.v. injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) develop a very mild form of diabetes characterized by slight elevations of plasma glucose, increased levels of HbA₁, and reduced insulin secretion in response to an i.v. glucose tolerance test. These rats gain weight normally and they are not hyperphagic, glycosuric, or polyuric. The effects of this very mild form of diabetes vs overt streptozotocin diabetes of three months duration on regional vascular ¹³¹I-albumin clearance, blood flow (assessed by 15 μm ⁸⁵Sr-microspheres), and renal filtration function were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma glucose levels of rats with mild diabetes were 7.4±0.9 (mean±SD) (mmol/l) vs 6.5±0.6 for control rats and 31.3±6.0 for overtly diabetic rats. HbA₁ levels were increased 1.4 fold in mildly diabetic and 2.3 fold in overtly diabetic rats. Vascular clearance of ¹³¹I-albumin was markedly increased in ocular tissues (anterior uvea, retina, and choroid), sciatic nerve, aorta, new (subcutaneous) granulation tissue, and kidney of both diabetic groups, although increases in overtly diabetic rats exceeded those in the mildly diabetic group (2.2-4.6 times control animals vs 1.6-3.3 times, respectively). Likewise, both overt and very mild diabetes markedly increased glomerular filtration rate (∼1.8 times and 1.2 times control animals, respectively), urinary excretion of endogenous albumin (∼9 times and 4 times) and IgG (∼15 times and 4 times), as well as regional blood flow in the anterior uvea, choroid, and sciatic nerve. Increases in tissue sorbitol levels were much larger in overtly diabetic rats (generally 10-20 times control animals) than in mildly diabetic rats (1.5-3 times controls). myo-Inositol levels were significantly decreased only in lens and sciatic nerve of overtly diabetic rats. These observations indicate that even very mild diabetes is associated with vascular functional changes which develop more slowly than in overtly diabetic rats, but are disproportionately large (in view of the minimal increases in glycaemia and tissue polyol levels) compared to those in overtly diabetic rats.