Effects of anatomy and head motion on spatial patterns of deformation in the human brain

Purpose: To determine how the biomechanical vulnerability of the human brain is affected by features of individual anatomy and loading. Methods: To identify the features that contribute most to brain vulnerability, we imparted mild harmonic acceleration to the head and measured the resulting brain motion and deformation using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). Oscillatory motion was imparted to the heads of adult participants using a lateral actuator (n = 24) or occipital actuator (n = 24) at 20 Hz, 30 Hz, and 50 Hz. Displacement vector fields and strain tensor fields in the brain were obtained from MRE measurements. Anatomical images, as well as displacement and strain fields from each participant were rigidly and deformably aligned to a common atlas (MNI-152). Vulnerability of the brain to deformation was quantified by the ratio of strain energy (SE) to kinetic energy (KE) for each participant. Similarity of deformation patterns between participants was quantified using strain field correlation (C_V). Linear regression models were used to identify the effect of similarity of brain size, shape, and age, as well as similarity of loading, on C_V. Results: The SE/KE ratio decreased with frequency and was larger for participants undergoing lateral, rather than occipital, actuation. Head rotation about the inferior–superior axis was correlated with larger SE/KE ratio. Strain field correlations were primarily affected by the similarity of rigid-body motion. Conclusion: The motion applied to the skull is the most important factor in determining both the vulnerability of the brain to deformation and the similarity between strain fields in different individuals.