Cutting Edge: Subunit Booster Vaccination Confers Sterilizing Immunity against Liver-Stage Malaria in Mice Initially Primed with a Weight-Normalized Dose of Radiation-Attenuated Sporozoites

Radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS) vaccination offers hope for global malaria control through induction of protective liver-stage-specific memory CD8 T cells. Effective RAS vaccination regimens exist; however, widespread implementation remains unfeasible. A key difficulty resides in the need to administer three or more doses i.v. to achieve sufficient immunity. Strategies to reduce the number of RAS doses are therefore desirable. Here we used mice to model human immune responses to a single, suboptimal weight-normalized RAS dose administered i.v. followed by subunit vaccination to amplify liver-stage-specific memory CD8 T cells. RAS1subunit prime-boost regimens increased the numbers of liver-stage-specific memory CD8 T cells to a level greater than is present after one RAS vaccination. Both i.v. and i.m. subunit vaccine delivery induced immunity in mice, and many vaccinated mice completely cleared liver infection. These findings are particularly relevant to human vaccine development because RAS1subunit prime-boost vaccination would reduce the logistical challenges of multiple RAS-only immunizations.