Critical role of CD4 T cells in an antibody-independent mechanism of vaccination against gammaherpesvirus latency

We have previously demonstrated that it is possible to effectively vaccinate against long-term murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) latency by using a reactivation-deficient virus as a vaccine (S. A. Tibbetts, J. S. McClellan, S. Gangappa, S. H. Speck, and H. W. Virgin IV, J. Virol. 77:2522-2529, 2003). Immune antibody was capable of recapitulating aspects of this vaccination. This led us to determine whether antibody is required for vaccination against latency. Using mice lacking antigen-specific antibody responses, we demonstrate here that antibody and B cells are not required for vaccination against latency. We also show that surveillance of latent infection in normal animals depends on CD4 and CD8 T cells, suggesting that T cells might be capable of preventing the establishment of latency. In the absence of an antibody response, CD4 T cells but not CD8 T cells are required for effective vaccination against latency in peritoneal cells, while either CD4 or CD8 T cells can prevent the establishment of splenic latency. Therefore, CD4 T cells play a critical role in immune surveillance of gammaherpesvirus latency and can mediate vaccination against latency in the absence of antibody responses.