Competition and cooperation between multiple reinforcement learning systems

Most psychological research on reinforcement learning has depicted two systems locked in battle for control of behavior: a flexible but computationally expensive “model-based” system and an inflexible but cheap “model-free” system. However, the complete picture is more complex, with the two systems cooperating in myriad ways. We focus on two issues at the frontier of this research program. First, how is the conflict between these systems adjudicated? Second, how the systems can be combined to harness the relative strengths of each? This chapter reviews recent work on competition and cooperation between the two systems, highlighting the computational principles that govern different forms of interaction.