@article{a237da3ee8994e84b7b3ca1b343aee41,
title = "Comparison of smartphone photography, single-lens reflex photography, and field-grading for trachoma",
abstract = "Conjunctival examination for trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) guides public health decisions for trachoma. Smartphone cameras may allow remote conjunctival grading, but previous studies have found low sensitivity. A random sample of 412 children aged 1-9 years received an in-person conjunctival examination and then had conjunctival photographs taken with 1) a single-lens reflex (SLR) camera and 2) a smartphone coupled to a 3D-printed magnifying attachment. Three masked graders assessed the conjunctival photographs for TF. Latent class analysis was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of each grading method for TF. Single-lens reflex photo-grading was 95.0% sensitive and 93.6% specific, and smartphone photo-grading was 84.1% sensitive and 97.6% specific. The sensitivity of the smartphone-CellScope device was considerably higher than that of a previous study using the native smartphone camera, without attachment. Magnification of smartphone images with a simple attachment improved the grading sensitivity while maintaining high specificity in a region with hyperendemic trachoma.",
author = "Nesemann, {John M.} and Seider, {Michael I.} and Snyder, {Blake M.} and Maamari, {Robi N.} and Fletcher, {Daniel A.} and Haile, {Berhan A.} and Zerihun Tadesse and Varnado, {Nicole E.} and Cotter, {Sun Y.} and Callahan, {Elizabeth Kelly} and Emerson, {Paul M.} and Margolis, {Todd P.} and Lietman, {Thomas M.} and Keenan, {Jeremy D.}",
note = "Funding Information: Financial support: The study was supported by grants U10EY022880 (T. M. L.) from the National Eye Institute and grants from That Man May See, the Fortisure Foundation, the Harper-Inglis Memorial for Eye Research, the Peierls Foundation, the Alta California Eye Research Foundation, the Bofinger Glaucoma Research fund, and research to prevent blindness. This project was supported by the National Eye Institute and the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under award number D43TW009343 as well as the University of California Global Health Institute (UCGHI) in the form of a Fogarty grant to J. M. N. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2020 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.",
year = "2020",
month = dec,
doi = "10.4269/ajtmh.20-0386",
language = "English",
volume = "103",
pages = "2488--2491",
journal = "American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene",
issn = "0002-9637",
number = "6",
}