TY - JOUR
T1 - Cognitive Decline Over Time in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure
T2 - Insights From WARCEF
AU - WARCEF Investigators
AU - Lee, Tetz C.
AU - Qian, Min
AU - Liu, Yutong
AU - Graham, Susan
AU - Mann, Douglas L.
AU - Nakanishi, Koki
AU - Teerlink, John R.
AU - Lip, Gregory Y.H.
AU - Freudenberger, Ronald S.
AU - Sacco, Ralph L.
AU - Mohr, Jay P.
AU - Labovitz, Arthur J.
AU - Ponikowski, Piotr
AU - Lok, Dirk J.
AU - Matsumoto, Kenji
AU - Estol, Conrado
AU - Anker, Stefan D.
AU - Pullicino, Patrick M.
AU - Buchsbaum, Richard
AU - Levin, Bruce
AU - Thompson, John L.P.
AU - Homma, Shunichi
AU - Di Tullio, Marco R.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 American College of Cardiology Foundation
PY - 2019/12
Y1 - 2019/12
N2 - Objectives: This study sought to characterize cognitive decline (CD) over time and its predictors in patients with systolic heart failure (HF). Background: Despite the high prevalence of CD and its impact on mortality, predictors of CD in HF have not been established. Methods: This study investigated CD in the WARCEF (Warfarin versus Aspirin in Reduced Ejection Fraction) trial, which performed yearly Mini-Mental State Examinations (MMSE) (higher scores indicate better cognitive function; e.g., normal score: 24 or higher). A longitudinal time-varying analysis was performed among pertinent covariates, including baseline MMSE and MMSE scores during follow-up, analyzed both as a continuous variable and a 2-point decrease. To account for a loss to follow-up, data at the baseline and at the 12-month visit were analyzed separately (sensitivity analysis). Results: A total of 1,846 patients were included. In linear regression, MMSE decrease was independently associated with higher baseline MMSE score (p < 0.0001), older age (p < 0.0001), nonwhite race/ethnicity (p < 0.0001), and lower education (p < 0.0001). In logistic regression, CD was independently associated with higher baseline MMSE scores (odds ratio [OR]: 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 1.20]; p < 0.001), older age (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.50; p < 0.001), nonwhite race/ethnicity (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.72 to 3.13 for black; OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.40 to 2.69 for Hispanic vs. white; p < 0.001), lower education (p < 0.001), and New York Heart Association functional class II or higher (p = 0.03). Warfarin and other medications were not associated with CD. Similar trends were seen in the sensitivity analysis (n = 1,439). Conclusions: CD in HF is predicted by baseline cognitive status, demographic variables, and NYHA functional class. The possibility of intervening on some of its predictors suggests the need for the frequent assessment of cognitive function in patients with HF.
AB - Objectives: This study sought to characterize cognitive decline (CD) over time and its predictors in patients with systolic heart failure (HF). Background: Despite the high prevalence of CD and its impact on mortality, predictors of CD in HF have not been established. Methods: This study investigated CD in the WARCEF (Warfarin versus Aspirin in Reduced Ejection Fraction) trial, which performed yearly Mini-Mental State Examinations (MMSE) (higher scores indicate better cognitive function; e.g., normal score: 24 or higher). A longitudinal time-varying analysis was performed among pertinent covariates, including baseline MMSE and MMSE scores during follow-up, analyzed both as a continuous variable and a 2-point decrease. To account for a loss to follow-up, data at the baseline and at the 12-month visit were analyzed separately (sensitivity analysis). Results: A total of 1,846 patients were included. In linear regression, MMSE decrease was independently associated with higher baseline MMSE score (p < 0.0001), older age (p < 0.0001), nonwhite race/ethnicity (p < 0.0001), and lower education (p < 0.0001). In logistic regression, CD was independently associated with higher baseline MMSE scores (odds ratio [OR]: 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 1.20]; p < 0.001), older age (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.50; p < 0.001), nonwhite race/ethnicity (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.72 to 3.13 for black; OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.40 to 2.69 for Hispanic vs. white; p < 0.001), lower education (p < 0.001), and New York Heart Association functional class II or higher (p = 0.03). Warfarin and other medications were not associated with CD. Similar trends were seen in the sensitivity analysis (n = 1,439). Conclusions: CD in HF is predicted by baseline cognitive status, demographic variables, and NYHA functional class. The possibility of intervening on some of its predictors suggests the need for the frequent assessment of cognitive function in patients with HF.
KW - Mini-Mental State Examination
KW - cognitive function
KW - comorbidities
KW - dementia
KW - longitudinal analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85074926628&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.09.003
DO - 10.1016/j.jchf.2019.09.003
M3 - Article
C2 - 31779926
AN - SCOPUS:85074926628
SN - 2213-1779
VL - 7
SP - 1042
EP - 1053
JO - JACC: Heart Failure
JF - JACC: Heart Failure
IS - 12
ER -