@article{73689c96c2124283a3785e6e025177ec,
title = "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)",
abstract = "A panel of experts was convened by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) to update the 2010 clinical practice guideline on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in adults. The update, which has incorporated recommendations for children (following the adult recommendations for epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment), includes significant changes in the management of this infection and reflects the evolving controversy over best methods for diagnosis. Clostridium difficile remains the most important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea and has become the most commonly identified cause of healthcare-associated infection in adults in the United States. Moreover, C. difficile has established itself as an important community pathogen. Although the prevalence of the epidemic and virulent ribotype 027 strain has declined markedly along with overall CDI rates in parts of Europe, it remains one of the most commonly identified strains in the United States where it causes a sizable minority of CDIs, especially healthcare-associated CDIs. This guideline updates recommendations regarding epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, infection prevention, and environmental management.",
keywords = "CDAD, CDI, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium difficile, Guidelines",
author = "McDonald, {L. Clifford} and Gerding, {Dale N.} and Stuart Johnson and Bakken, {Johan S.} and Carroll, {Karen C.} and Coffin, {Susan E.} and Dubberke, {Erik R.} and Garey, {Kevin W.} and Gould, {Carolyn V.} and Ciaran Kelly and Vivian Loo and {Shaklee Sammons}, Julia and Sandora, {Thomas J.} and Wilcox, {Mark H.}",
note = "Funding Information: Potential conflicts of interest. The following list is a reflection of what has been reported to IDSA. To provide thorough transparency, IDSA requires full disclosure of all relationships, regardless of relevancy to the guideline topic. Evaluation of such relationships as potential conflicts of interest (COI) is determined by a review process that includes assessment by the Standards and Practice Guidelines Committee (SPGC) Chair, the SPGC liaison to the development Panel, the Board of Directors liaison to the SPGC, and, if necessary, the COI Task Force of the Board. This assessment of disclosed relationships for possible COI will be based on the relative weight of the financial relationship (ie, monetary amount) and the relevance of the relationship (ie, the degree to which an association might reasonably be interpreted by an independent observer as related to the topic or recommendation of consideration). The reader of these guidelines should be mindful of this when the list of disclosures is reviewed. For activities outside of the submitted work, D. G. has served as board member for Rebiotix, Merck, Actelion, Summit, and DaVolterra; has served as a consultant for Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, and MGB Pharma; received a grant from Seres Therapeutics; and holds patents and technology for nontoxigenic C. difficile for the treatment and prevention of CDI under NTCD, LLC. For activities outside of the submitted work, S. J. has served on the advisory board member for Bio-k+, Synthetic Biologics, Summit, Therapeutics, and CutisPharma; has served on Pfizer{\textquoteright}s data and safety monitoring board for vaccine study; and has received payment for lectures from Merck. For activities outside of the submitted work, K. C. has received research grants from GenePOC, Accelerate, and BD Diagnostics; has received royalties from McGraw-Hill and ASM Press; and has received travel expenses as board member with ASM. For activities outside of the submitted work, S. C. has received payment as expert testimony for medical-legal consultation; has received research grants from the Agency for Health Research and Quality, CDC, and National Institutes of Health (NIH); and has received payment for lectures from IDSA, CDC, and American Academy of Pediatrics. For activities outside of the submitted work, E. R. D. has served as a consultant for Sanofi Pasteur, Nestle, Valneva, Pfizer, Rebiotix, GSK, and Merck; has received research grants from Sanofi Pasteur, Pfizer, Merck, and Rebiotix; and has received payment for lectures from Alere and Biofire. For activities outside of the submitted work, K. G. has received research grants from Merck & Co, Summit Pharmaceuticals, and Techlab, served as a consultant for bioM{\'e}rieux, Merck & Co, and Summit Pharmaceuticals; and received payment for the development of educational presentation by bioM{\'e}rieux and Merck & Co. For activities outside of the submitted work, C. K. has received research grants from the NIH, Institut M{\'e}rieux, and Aptalis; has received personal fees serving as scientific advisor for Facile Therapeutics, Summit (Oxford), Synthetic Biologics, Actelion, Artugen, First Light Diagnostics, Finch, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Seres Therapeutics, Summit, Vedanta, Celimmune, Cour Pharma, Takeda, Innovate, Valeant, and ImmunogenX; and has received payment for the development of educational presentations by Merck and Seres. For activities outside of the submitted work, V. L. has served as a consultant for Merck, and received payment for serving on the speaker{\textquoteright}s bureau for Merck. For activities outside of the submitted work, J. S. has received grants from CDC Epicenters. For activities outside of the submitted work, M. W. has received research grants, consultancy/lecture fees from Actelion, Cubist, Astellas, Optimer, Sanofi Pasteur, Summit, Seres, bioM{\'e}rieux, Da Volterra, Qiagen, and Pfizer; served as a consultant for Merck, Valneva, Alere, AstraZeneca, Durata, Nabriva, Pfizer, Roche, The Medicines Company, Abott, Basilea, and the European Tissue Symposium; and received research grants from Cerexa, Abbott, and the European Tissue Symposium. All other authors report no potential conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2017.",
year = "2018",
month = mar,
day = "19",
doi = "10.1093/cid/cix1085",
language = "English",
volume = "66",
pages = "e1--e48",
journal = "Clinical Infectious Diseases",
issn = "1058-4838",
number = "7",
}