TY - JOUR
T1 - Clinical implications and guidelines for CKD in type 2 diabetes
AU - Zhang, Rong M.
AU - Persson, Frederik
AU - McGill, Janet B.
AU - Rossing, Peter
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2022.
PY - 2023/3
Y1 - 2023/3
N2 - Background. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with high morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of CKD in T2D is increasing due to rising numbers of persons with T2D. Multiple clinical trials have been conducted testing novel therapies to reduce the progression of CKD, cardiovascular morbidity, in particular hospitalization for heart failure, and mortality. Results of these clinical trials have informed guidelines for the management of CKD in T2D. Methods. The epidemiology of CKD in T2D and the process of guideline writing, including data gathering, grading and consensus development, were reviewed. Recent guidelines for the management of CKD in T2D that include recent renal outcome clinical trials are reported, along with supporting evidence. Results. All current guidelines recommend annual screening for CKD, control of blood pressure and glucose, although the target levels and background therapy recommendations vary. Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibition is uniformly recommended. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition with proven agents is recommended by all guidelines, with minor variations in suggested estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria levels. Finerenone, the first nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with renal outcome data, is recommended by the most recent guideline available. Conclusions. Current guidelines continue to recommend screening for CKD, blood pressure control using RAS inhibition as first-line therapy, and glucose control. SGLT2 inhibition and finerenone are recent additions to current guidelines to improve CKD outcomes in T2D, based on robust clinical trial data.
AB - Background. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with high morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of CKD in T2D is increasing due to rising numbers of persons with T2D. Multiple clinical trials have been conducted testing novel therapies to reduce the progression of CKD, cardiovascular morbidity, in particular hospitalization for heart failure, and mortality. Results of these clinical trials have informed guidelines for the management of CKD in T2D. Methods. The epidemiology of CKD in T2D and the process of guideline writing, including data gathering, grading and consensus development, were reviewed. Recent guidelines for the management of CKD in T2D that include recent renal outcome clinical trials are reported, along with supporting evidence. Results. All current guidelines recommend annual screening for CKD, control of blood pressure and glucose, although the target levels and background therapy recommendations vary. Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibition is uniformly recommended. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition with proven agents is recommended by all guidelines, with minor variations in suggested estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria levels. Finerenone, the first nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with renal outcome data, is recommended by the most recent guideline available. Conclusions. Current guidelines continue to recommend screening for CKD, blood pressure control using RAS inhibition as first-line therapy, and glucose control. SGLT2 inhibition and finerenone are recent additions to current guidelines to improve CKD outcomes in T2D, based on robust clinical trial data.
KW - chronic kidney disease
KW - diabetes
KW - diabetic kidney disease
KW - diabetic nephropathy
KW - guidelines
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85149167491&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1093/ndt/gfac285
DO - 10.1093/ndt/gfac285
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36264310
AN - SCOPUS:85149167491
SN - 0931-0509
VL - 38
SP - 542
EP - 550
JO - Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
JF - Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
IS - 3
ER -