Children successfully treated for moderate acute malnutrition remain at risk for malnutrition and death in the subsequent year after recovery

Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects 11% of children <5 y old worldwide and increases their risk for morbidity and mortality. It is assumed that successful treatment of MAM reduces these risks. A total of 1967 children aged 6-59 mo successfully treated forMAMin rural Malawi following randomized treatment with corn-soy blend plus milk and oil (CSB₊₊), soy ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF), or soy/whey RUSF were followed for 12 mo. The initial supplementary food was given until the child reached a weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) >22. The median duration of feeding was 2 wk, with a maximum of 12 wk. The hypothesis tested was that children treated with either RUSF would be more likely to remain wellnourished than those treated with CSB₊₊. The primary outcome, remaining well-nourished, was defined as mid-upper arm circumference ≥12.5 cm or WHZ ≥22 for the entire duration of follow-up. During the 12-mo follow-up period, only 1230 (63%) children remained well-nourished, 334 (17%) relapsed to MAM, 190 (10%) developed severe acute malnutrition, 74 (4%) died, and 139 (7%) were lost to follow-up. Children who were treated with soy/whey RUSF were more likely to remain well-nourished (67%) than those treated with CSB₊₊ (62%) or soy RUSF (59%) (P = 0.01). A seasonal pattern of food insecurity and adverse clinical outcomeswas observed. This study demonstrates that children successfully treated forMAM with soy/whey RUSF are more likely to remain well-nourished; however, all children successfully treated for MAM remain vulnerable.