Bladder wall substitution with synthetic and non-intestinal organic materials

Purpose: We evaluate and compare the characteristics and drawbacks of different synthetic and organic materials that have been used for bladder wall replacement. Materials and Methods: We extensively reviewed the contemporary literature for partial bladder wall replacement with synthetic or organic materials. Results: The concept of bladder wall replacement dates back to the early nineteenth century. Based on the unique regenerative capability of the bladder, many organic and synthetic allografts and xenografts were implanted in the bladder wall with a wide range of outcomes. Recently, various biodegradable allografts have been developed and used successfully in animal models. Despite the favorable animal results, only a few of the materials have been used clinically for bladder wall replacement to date. Conclusions: Further improvements in the use of existing materials and development of new materials will hopefully result in clinically successful grafts for bladder wall replacement and for whole bladder substitution.