Beyond XSPEC: Toward highly configurable astrophysical analysis

We present a quantitative comparison between software features of the de facto standard X-ray spectral analysis tool (XSPEC) and the Interactive Spectral Interpretation System (ISIS). Our emphasis is on customized analysis, with ISIS offered as a strong example of configurable software. While noting that XSPEC has been of immense value to astronomers, and that its scientific core is moderately extensible - most commonly via the inclusion of user contributed "local models" - we identify a series of limitations with its use beyond conventional spectral modeling. We argue that from the viewpoint of the astronomical user, the XSPEC internal structure presents a black box problem, with many of its important features hidden from the top-level interface, thus discouraging user customization. Drawing from examples in custom modeling, numerical analysis, parallel computation, visualization, data management, and automated code generation, we show how a numerically scriptable, modular, and extensible analysis platform such as ISIS facilitates many forms of advanced astrophysical inquiry.