TY - JOUR
T1 - Beyond the length and look of repolarization
T2 - Defining the non-QTc electrocardiographic profiles of patients with congenital long QT syndrome
AU - Lane, Conor M.
AU - Bos, J. Martijn
AU - Rohatgi, Ram K.
AU - Ackerman, Michael J.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Heart Rhythm Society
PY - 2018/9
Y1 - 2018/9
N2 - Background: Little is known about the spectrum and prevalence of ECG features beyond the length and morphology of repolarization in patients with congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the full ECG phenotype of LQTS patients and evaluate differences by age and LQTS genotype. Methods: Retrospective review of 943 patients with LQTS (57% female; median age 25 years; interquartile range 9–34 years) was performed. Comprehensive analysis of their initial evaluation ECG was performed using definitions outlined in professional guidelines. Results: Bradycardia was common (n = 320 [34%]), regardless of beta-blocker use. Left-axis deviation (n = 33 [3.5%]) and bundle branch block (n = 5 [0.5%]) were uncommon. T-wave inversion (TWI) involving leads V 1 and V 3 was more common in LQTS type 2 compared to LQTS type 1 or type 3 (odds ratio [OR] for V 1 : 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–3.9; OR for V 3 : 1.76, 95% CI 1.2–2.6), whereas TWI in leads III and aVF was most common in LQTS type 3 (OR for III: 2.38, 95% CI 1.4–4.2; OR for aVF: 3.14, 95% CI 1.6–6.4). Notched T waves were most apparent at younger ages (48% in patients age 4–10 compared to 12% in patients age >40: P <.0001). Conclusion: Beyond the QT interval and bradycardia, ECG abnormalities are uncommon in LQTS patients, and patients almost never have concomitant bundle branch block. Notably, 19% of LQTS patients overall and 27% of LQTS type 2 patients exhibit anterior TWI that would satisfy a diagnostic criterion for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, thus creating the potential for diagnostic miscues.
AB - Background: Little is known about the spectrum and prevalence of ECG features beyond the length and morphology of repolarization in patients with congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the full ECG phenotype of LQTS patients and evaluate differences by age and LQTS genotype. Methods: Retrospective review of 943 patients with LQTS (57% female; median age 25 years; interquartile range 9–34 years) was performed. Comprehensive analysis of their initial evaluation ECG was performed using definitions outlined in professional guidelines. Results: Bradycardia was common (n = 320 [34%]), regardless of beta-blocker use. Left-axis deviation (n = 33 [3.5%]) and bundle branch block (n = 5 [0.5%]) were uncommon. T-wave inversion (TWI) involving leads V 1 and V 3 was more common in LQTS type 2 compared to LQTS type 1 or type 3 (odds ratio [OR] for V 1 : 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–3.9; OR for V 3 : 1.76, 95% CI 1.2–2.6), whereas TWI in leads III and aVF was most common in LQTS type 3 (OR for III: 2.38, 95% CI 1.4–4.2; OR for aVF: 3.14, 95% CI 1.6–6.4). Notched T waves were most apparent at younger ages (48% in patients age 4–10 compared to 12% in patients age >40: P <.0001). Conclusion: Beyond the QT interval and bradycardia, ECG abnormalities are uncommon in LQTS patients, and patients almost never have concomitant bundle branch block. Notably, 19% of LQTS patients overall and 27% of LQTS type 2 patients exhibit anterior TWI that would satisfy a diagnostic criterion for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, thus creating the potential for diagnostic miscues.
KW - Arrhythmia
KW - Electrocardiography
KW - Long QT syndrome
KW - Sudden cardiac death
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85048544808&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.04.033
DO - 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.04.033
M3 - Article
C2 - 29723683
AN - SCOPUS:85048544808
SN - 1547-5271
VL - 15
SP - 1413
EP - 1419
JO - Heart rhythm
JF - Heart rhythm
IS - 9
ER -