Associations of common variants in the BST2 region with HIV-1 acquisition in African American and European American people who inject drugs

Objective: The bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) gene encodes a host restriction factor that acts as an innate immune sensor of HIV-1 exposure and suppresses release of HIV-1 particles. We aimed to identify associations of variants in the BST2 gene region with HIV-1 acquisition and disease progression. Design/methods: Using HIV+ cases and HIV- controls from the Urban Health Study (n = 3136 African Americans and European Americans who inject drugs), we tested 470 variants in BST2 and its flanking regions for association with HIV-1 acquisition and log-transformed viral load. Results: We found that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs113189798 surpassed the P value threshold corrected for multiple testing. The rs113189798-G allele (frequency = 16% in African Americans, 4% in European Americans) was associated with increased HIV-1 acquisition risk (meta-analysis P = 1.43 × 10 -4): odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.22 (1.01-1.49) in African Americans and 2.17 (1.43-3.33) in European Americans. We also found that the previously reported rs12609479-A allele (frequency = 35% in African Americans, 81% in European Americans) was nominally associated with decreased risk of acquiring HIV-1 in our study (meta-analysis P = 0.036). Rs12609479-A is predicted to increase BST2 expression and thereby decrease risk of acquiring HIV-1. Rs113189798 and rs12609479 were only weakly correlated [square of the correlation coefficient (r 2) = 0.2-0.4] and represented distinct association signals. None of our tested variants were significantly associated with log-transformed viral load among the HIV-infected cases. Conclusion: Our findings support BST2 as a genetic susceptibility factor for HIV-1 acquisition: identifying a novel SNP association for rs13189798 and linking the previously reported regulatory SNP rs12609479 to HIV-1 acquisition.