Assessment and treatment of recurrent VTOS

Patients that have undergone treatment for venous TOS generally have excellent clinical outcomes, but a small proportion of individuals may present with persistent or recurrent upper extremity symptoms. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the spectrum of conditions that should be considered in evaluation of such patients and a systematic approach to address these problems. It can be expected that with comprehensive evaluation and appropriate treatment, the majority of patients with persistent or recurrent venous TOS can experience decreased symptoms and restoration of normal upper extremity function.