TY - JOUR
T1 - Activation of poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase in endothelial cells and keratinocytes
T2 - Role in an in vitro model of sulfur mustard-mediated vesication
AU - Hinshaw, Daniel B.
AU - Lodhi, Irfan J.
AU - Hurley, Lauren L.
AU - Atkins, Kevin B.
AU - Dabrowska, Milena I.
N1 - Funding Information:
1Supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under Agreement No. 93-MM-3571 and in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision unless so designated by other documentation. 2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: (734) 213-4871.
PY - 1999/4/1
Y1 - 1999/4/1
N2 - Although endothelial cells and keratinocytes appear to be the primary cellular targets of sulfur mustard (SM), the role of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in SM-induced vesication has not been clearly defined. PARP is thought to play a crucial role in DNA repair mechanisms following exposure to alkylating agents like SM. Using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays, we tested the hypothesis that SM causes activation of PARP in endothelial cells and keratinocytes with subsequent loss of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. To determine if PARP activation accounts for SM-induced vesication, keratinocyte adherence and permeability of endothelial monolayers were measured as in vitro correlates of vesication. As early as 2 to 3 h after exposure to SM concentrations as low as 250 μM, dramatic changes were induced in keratinocyte morphology and microfilament architecture. Exposure to 500 μm SM induced a fourfold increase in PARP activity in endothelial cells, and a two- to threefold increase in keratinocytes. SM induced a dose-related loss of NAD+ in both endothelial cells and keratinocytes. ATP levels fell to ~50% of control levels in response to SM concentrations ≥500 μM. SM concentrations ≥250 μM significantly reduced keratinocyte adherence as early as 3 h after exposure. Endothelial monolayer permeability increased substantially with concentrations of SM >250 μM. These observations support the hypothesis that the pathogenic events necessary for SM-induced vesication (i.e., capillary leak and loss of keratinocyte adherence) at higher vesicating doses of SM (≥500 μM) may depend on NAD loss with PARP activation and subsequent ATP- dependent effects on microfilament architecture. Vesication developing as a result of exposure to lower concentrations of SM presumably occurs by mechanisms that do not depend on loss of cellular ATP (e.g., apoptosis and direct SM-mediated damage to integrins and the basement membrane).
AB - Although endothelial cells and keratinocytes appear to be the primary cellular targets of sulfur mustard (SM), the role of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in SM-induced vesication has not been clearly defined. PARP is thought to play a crucial role in DNA repair mechanisms following exposure to alkylating agents like SM. Using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays, we tested the hypothesis that SM causes activation of PARP in endothelial cells and keratinocytes with subsequent loss of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. To determine if PARP activation accounts for SM-induced vesication, keratinocyte adherence and permeability of endothelial monolayers were measured as in vitro correlates of vesication. As early as 2 to 3 h after exposure to SM concentrations as low as 250 μM, dramatic changes were induced in keratinocyte morphology and microfilament architecture. Exposure to 500 μm SM induced a fourfold increase in PARP activity in endothelial cells, and a two- to threefold increase in keratinocytes. SM induced a dose-related loss of NAD+ in both endothelial cells and keratinocytes. ATP levels fell to ~50% of control levels in response to SM concentrations ≥500 μM. SM concentrations ≥250 μM significantly reduced keratinocyte adherence as early as 3 h after exposure. Endothelial monolayer permeability increased substantially with concentrations of SM >250 μM. These observations support the hypothesis that the pathogenic events necessary for SM-induced vesication (i.e., capillary leak and loss of keratinocyte adherence) at higher vesicating doses of SM (≥500 μM) may depend on NAD loss with PARP activation and subsequent ATP- dependent effects on microfilament architecture. Vesication developing as a result of exposure to lower concentrations of SM presumably occurs by mechanisms that do not depend on loss of cellular ATP (e.g., apoptosis and direct SM-mediated damage to integrins and the basement membrane).
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0033119126&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1006/taap.1999.8634
DO - 10.1006/taap.1999.8634
M3 - Article
C2 - 10101095
AN - SCOPUS:0033119126
SN - 0041-008X
VL - 156
SP - 17
EP - 29
JO - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
JF - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
IS - 1
ER -