A mixed-methods scoping review on bladder self-care practices in women with and without lower urinary tract symptoms

This scoping review synthesized literature on women's bladder self-care practices by: 1) describing study characteristics; 2) identifying questionnaires used to assess self-care; and 3) summarizing behaviors relevant to bladder health. Five databases and reference lists were searched through April 2025 for qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies. Ninety-seven studies were included, identifying 107 behaviors grouped into four domains: Toileting and Bladder Management, Personal Care and Hygiene Practices, Lifestyle and Behavioral Strategies, and Therapeutic Interventions. Most studies focused on women with urinary symptoms, with few population-based samples. No comprehensive, validated questionnaire assessing the full scope of bladder self-care was identified. Women engage in diverse behaviors that may influence bladder health. A validated, multidimensional questionnaire is needed to assess these behaviors, identify risk and protective factors, and guide preventive interventions.