A functional role for eicosanoid-lysophospholipids in activating monocyte signaling

Recently, eicosanoid-lysophospholipids were identified as novel metabolites generated from the direct cyclooxygenase- or lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophos-pholipids produced from either phospholipase A₁-mediated hydrolysis of diacyl arachidonoyl-phospholipids or through the cytochrome c-catalyzed oxidative hydrolysis of the vinyl ether linkage of arachidonoyl-plasmalogens. Although the metabolic pathways generating eicosanoid-lysophospholipids have been increasingly appreciated, the signaling functions of eicosanoid-lysophospholipids remain largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that 2-12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids as well as nonesterified 12(S)-HETE are potent lipid mediators that activate THP-1 human monocytic cells to generate tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa) and interleukin 8 (IL8). Remarkably, low nanomolar concentrations of 12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids, but not other oxidized signaling lipids examined activated THP-1 cells resulting in the production of large amounts of TNFa. Moreover, TNFa release induced by 12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids was inhibited by the TNFa converting enzyme inhibitor TAPI-0 indicating normal processing of TNFa in THP-1 cells stimulated with these agonists. Western blotting analyses revealed that 12 (S)-HETE-lysophospholipids activated the phosphorylation of NFkB p65, suggesting activation of the canonical NFkB signaling pathway. Importantly, activation of THP-1 cells to release TNFa was stereoselective with 12(S)-HETE favored over 12(R)-HETE. Furthermore, the EC₅₀ of 2-12(S)-HETE-lysophosphatidylcholine in activating THP-1 cells was 2.1 nM, whereas the EC₅₀ of free 12 (S)-HETE was 23 nM. Additionally, lipid extracts of activated platelets were separated by RP-HPLC demonstrating the coelution of 12(S)-HETE with fractions initiating TNFa release. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potent signaling properties of 2-12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids and 12(S)-HETE by their ability to release TNFa and activate NFkB signaling thereby revealing a previously unknown role of 2-12(S)-HETE-lysophospholipids in mediating inflammatory responses.