A closed surgical intensive care unit organization improves cardiac surgical patient outcomes

Background: Intensive care unit (ICU) organization is a critical factor in optimizing patient outcomes. ICU organization can be divided into “open” (O) and “closed” (C) models, where the specialist or intensivist, respectively, assumes the role of primary physician. Recent studies support improved outcomes in closed ICUs, however, most of the available data is centered on ICUs generally or on subspecialty surgical patients in the setting of a subspecialized surgical intensive care unit (SICU). We examined the impact of closing a general SICU on patient outcomes following cardiac and ascending aortic surgery. Methods: A retrospective cohort of patients following cardiac or ascending aortic surgery by median sternotomy was examined at a single academic medical center one year prior and one year after implementation of a closed SICU model. Patients were divided into “OPEN” (O; n=53) and “CLOSED” (C; n=73) cohorts. Results: Cohorts were comparable in terms of age, race, and number of comorbid conditions. A significant difference in male gender (O: 60.4% vs. C: 76.7%, P=0.049) and procedure types was detected (O: 13.21%, C: 35.62%, P=0.019). Using a linear regression model, a closed model SICU organization decreased SICU length of stay (LOS) and hospital readmission rates. Using a multivariate logistic regression, being treated in a closed ICU decreased a patient’s likelihood of having an ICU LOS greater than 48 hours. Conclusions: Our study identified a decreased ICU LOS and hospital readmission in cardiac and ascending aortic patients in a closed general SICU despite increased procedure complexity. Further study is needed to clarify the effects on surgical complications and hospital charges.